Teachers with Guns

What amount would it be a good idea for us to confide in our instructors? Schools have been going from awful to more awful, regarding security. There have been a great deal of shootings at schools throughout the years, yet as of late they have been over the top with sickening apprehension. In the event that instructors had weapons, would the understudies be more secure? We are going break down schools wellbeing, shootings in schools, and outfitted watchmen or educators with weapons. Schools have been doing a ton to restrict, if not stop, the savagery on school grounds. There are regions in Oklahoma that have just done a great deal to forestall school viciousness. Putnam City School area as of now has surveillance cameras in it; indeed about 30% of secondary schools have surveillance cameras introduced. They likewise have a cop strolling the lobbies and functioning as security on school grounds. The genuine inquiry is, is this security helping the area on holding the brutality down? On account of the Putnam City locale the safety efforts are making a difference. With the 750 surveillance cameras over the 27 schools, cops and security officials in schools, secure access passageways, lockdown drills, etcetera†¦ the schools have had a low viciousness rate contrasted with different schools over the country.Teacher Cadet Essay The terrible part about this is kids are as yet getting weapons into the schools. In this circumstance a child can simply place a weapon into their sack and bring it into class. One of the safety efforts that this region is missing would be cops with metal locators in the doors, when the children are coming into class. In the event that more school locale conveyed security arrangements as severe as Putnam City does, there would be less viciousness in the schools. This is assisting with bringing down viciousness in schools, as opposed to instructors having firearms. Giving educator firearms will press schools and may cause more damage then great. Despite the fact that the Newton, Connecticut shooting was terrible not all circumstances are this way. There were 27 individuals murdered in the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. This was finished by an intellectually sick individual. Not all circumstances will resemble this one. He constrained himself into the school by shooting the entryway and creeping through it. While there was next to no to stop an individual like this, be that as it may if a police was official at the school to stop him once he was in the structure thing would have been extraordinary. Having educators with weapons in schools, to help stop viciousness, is essentially negating itself. Having undeveloped educators conveying firearms is perilous. Being in a distressing circumstance that you are not prepared for or prepared for, will make you carry on of haphazardness not considering obviously what is truly going on. The circumstance I am alluding to is a shooting in school. Not many instructors have had any encounters with weapons. Out of the entirety of the years I was in school, excluding school, I had two instructors with military foundations. Those really have utilized firearms on others. To have an educator, that has just shown as long as they can remember, threaten to use a weapon on an understudy would be exceptionally distressing and will most likely be unable to act under that circumstance. Likewise numerous instructors may have a touchiness in any case and threaten to use a weapon on an understudy. That would be an altogether extraordinary circumstance that the school would need to deal with in extended periods of time of court time. Numerous educators don't instruct for the cash. The scope of pay for a secondary teacher in Oklahoma it somewhere in the range of $41,000. 00 to $61,000. 00. This is only for secondary school, the compensation diminishes from center school as far as possible the basic. Additionally the majority of the instructors are nearer to the $41,000. 00 then the $61,000. 00, the instructor with the very good quality compensation will for the most part be more for non-public school educators then government funded schools. This being stated, instructor love their understudies. They consider them more as family, since additional time is gone through with them than with their genuine families. Numerous educators would stop if weapons could be conveyed by instructor. Like I said instructor are become educator for the children not for the cash. In the event that they were in it for the cash, they would pick an alternate vocation past. The educator sweetheart there understudies, and they would prefer to stop than have a firearm on them to secure them. The instructor sweetheart there understudies so much they would prefer to stop at that point being in more peril into the schools. Weapons on school premises would acquire various issues. The principle one that I would see directly off the bat would be capacity of the firearms. Would every educator need to convey the firearm with them consistently? If not that are there going to be safes in every one of the study halls to have the weapon in, in light of the fact that any understudy can overwhelm an instructor and simply take the firearm in the event that they needed to. This would exacerbate things; the understudies would as of now have the weapons on school grounds. They should simply figure out how to get it, and there will be understudies that will need to get the firearms to cause hurt, make a since, or just to demonstrate a point. Educator with firearms just sounds terrible. Making this a reality the nation over will take quite a while, in light of the fact that all the educators should be prepared to utilize weapons. There should be numerous long periods of preparing, so they would shoot an alternate way when things like shooting occur. Additionally they should be prepared on when to utilize the weapons. Exactly when there is a gatecrasher or when there is large upheaval in school like a huge battle that gains out of power with an educator and they are terrified for their life. Then again you can have a furnished cop at the schools to forestall the shooting and even the viciousness. Simply having a cop present will help keep the understudies in line. The title of cop has an excessive number of understudies, regard behind it and the understudies realize that; understudies will have more regard for a cop than one of their instructors with firearms. This is on the grounds that to them instructors are there to educate and the cop is there just to maintain everything in control. You may even go out and state for the standard of the school have a weapon in his office, if the school doesn't have the assets to acquire an outfitted cop as security. Having the standard of the school convey a firearm is progressively justifiable then every educator having a weapon. The chief has an office that no understudy is permitted into without the head in the workplace with them. They would be a lot simpler to monitor, since everybody will realize who has the weapon and in the event that anything happens somebody can help from inside the school. This would be a lot less expensive than having an outfitted cop and showing each instructor to fire and convey a firearm appropriately. This would be a smart thought for low financed school, not the best thought but rather will help. I have investigated taking firearm control classes. I have made an inquiry or two for individuals to show me, and the normal expense every hour is somewhere in the range of $25. 00 to $75. 00. They additionally charge per individual that needs to figure out how to shoot. The normal cost hour may go down if there is a major gathering, however this is as yet a major number. As should be obvious the expense to encourage all the educators in a school will be an exceptionally huge sum. This is simply spread the expense of shooting, excluding the psychological quality that should be educated so as to deal with a firearm against someone else. This being stated, having a cop as gatekeeper at the schools would be less expensive. The normal compensation for an Oklahoma City Police Officer is about $47. 000. 00. This is a genuinely enormous sum, however the focal points are a lot more noteworthy. They as of now have their firearm preparing and mental solidarity to deal with upsetting circumstances. â€Å"No matter the hazard, with the goal that others may live†, this is said by numerous law implementation officials. They are prepared to successfully spare lives, despite the fact that they have their own families. This is there picked, presently what number of instructors can do this? In all actuality educator my affection their understudies, yet some may reconsider before acting in a destructive circumstance. This faltering, if in any event, for a second, can cost the lives of a bigger number of individuals than great that it could bring. Schools are more secure with police officers, insufficient to prevent an intellectually sick individual from getting in, however to stop brutality in school. Despite the fact that the shooting in Newton was shocking, not all shootings will resemble this one. Encouraging educators to shoot will cost all the more at that point, the genuine expense of getting a cop to watch to class grounds. Cops will consistently be large and in charge in any unsafe circumstance, this is their principle need protecting individuals. Cops will be progressively alert on school shooting and the additional security introduced will help forestall savagery in the schools. Cops are prepared to be in distressing circumstances; and if there should arise an occurrence of a shooting, most educators won't have the best possible mental solidarity to pull the trigger. Over every one of the a cop will have the option to act and live with whatever occurs. Educators won't have the option to deal with the circumstance as will, and for us to approach them for that is simply unacceptable.

BCOM 275 Article Rebuttal Essay

Smoking bans, explicitly openly puts, has been a subject of discussion for quite a while at this point. This discussion has been begun essentially from clinical or wellbeing related inceptions. Many have felt firmly against the boycott of smoking in broad daylight places. Albeit, right around an equivalent measure of individuals bolster the smoking boycott. This paper will recognize the geniuses to continuing with the smoking boycott to reply the contention introduced in the article titled, â€Å"The argument against smoking bans† by Thomas A. Lambert and break down the unwavering quality, believability, and legitimacy of the information used to help his contention. As indicated by Lambert (2012), â€Å"Government-forced smoking bans are unwise†. â€Å"Risk based contention are inadequate on the grounds that the slight dangers related with ETS can't legitimize the generous security interruption occasioned by clearing smoking bans† (p 34). The author’s support against the smoking boycott depends on the way that the announcements with respect to the requirement for the boycott because of the expansion of social insurance costs for the smoker and those affected continuously hand smoke. Lambert bolsters his contention dependent on the discoveries of a thorough report in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1997. The examination states, â€Å"†¦smoking presumably has the impact of diminishing by and large human services costs since smokers kick the bucket sooner than nonsmokers. The study’s creators presumed that in a populace wherein nobody smoked, social insurance expenses would be 7 percent higher among men and 4 percent higher among ladies than the expenses in the current blended populace of smokers and nonsmokers† (Government-forced smoking bans are hasty, 2012, p 36). Despite the fact that, this information is trustworthy dependent on its source, this data can't completely be considered su bstantial dependent on no expressed realities to analyze social insurance expenses of the nonsmokers. â€Å"Logical deceptions are mistakes in reasoning† (Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., and Rios, F., 2010). There are four kinds of regular sensible deceptions, which are: broken causation, rushed speculation, either/or thinking, elusive slant and defective examination. The defense dependent on different information is a case of a rushed speculation and flawed examination. A rushed speculation happens when â€Å"†¦a scarcely any models are chosen to speak to the entire of the conclusion† (Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., and Rios, F., 2010). By focusing on these speculations, your decisions might be off base since you are just recognizing the information that will exclusively bolster your contention. The author’s contention is likewise a broken correlation since he treats the novel circumstances the equivalent. He emphatically accepts that there is no critical distinction in the expenses of human services in contrast with the individuals who don't smoke. Yet, the creator neglects to specify the wellbeing impacts of recycled smoke and why it ought to be restricted out in the open places conversely, smoking bans in broad daylight spots ought to be executed in light of the fact that there are numerous examinations that uncover that there is a genuine issue with respect to introduction to recycled smoke. As indicated by the CDC (2012) , â€Å"Since 1964, 2.5 million nonsmokers have passed on from presentation to used smoke†. That announcement alone, which is proof based, is a legitimate contention why smoking out in the open spots ought to be prohibited. Non-smokers ought not need to be casualties brought about via indiscreet smokers who are progressively keen on taking care of their habit and joys. It is interruption of someone’s protection on the off chance that they would prefer not to be presented to used smoke. Open spots alludes to as eateries, parks, multiunit lodging and club and so on. For kids, used smoke presentation can add to respiratory and ear contaminations and higher danger of unexpected newborn child passing disorder. For grown-ups, it can cause lung malignant growth and cardiovascular ailments. All things considered, on the off chance that we decide not to smoke because of the wellbeing impacts and expanded danger of death, for what reason would it be a good idea for us to compelled to go down with the smokers? We have a decision and it ought to be regarded. In the event that these wellbeing conditions can be brought about by used smoke alone, consider what impacts smoking has on a smoker’s body. As referenced before, the individuals who do smoke bite the dust prior. So by what method can the announcement with respect to no distinction in social insurance costs between a smoker and non-smoker be substantial? Taking everything into account, because of the proof based awf ul wellbeing impacts of used smoke, smoking out in the open spots ought to be restricted. There is no avocation for somebody who decides to carry on with a sound way of life so as to live longer,â to have a smoker decide to what extent they should live or what personal satisfaction they ought to have. References Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., and Rios, F. (2010). Conveying in the working environment. Upper Seat River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lambert, T. A. (2007). The body of evidence against smoking bans. Guideline, 29(4), 34-40. Recovered on March 7, 2014 from, http://search.proquest.com/docview/210517192?accountid=458 Smoking and Tobacco. (2012). Places for Disease Control and Prevention. Recovered on March 6, 2014 from, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/healt h_effects/index.htm

Let it snow

Let it snow Today was going to be my sleep day. I was going to go to sleep on Saturday night (ok, so it was actually really early Sunday morning) and sleep through until 9 AM Monday, when I have to get up to get ready for my first class of the week, and in so doing I would catch up on all of the sleep debt that Ive accumulated over the course of my entire life. Unfortunately, I woke up around 1 PM anyway and was about to go back to sleep when I heard April the Californian open the shade above her bed, look out the window, and say something about the winter. Thats how I knew that it snowed. So of course I had to get up and open the shade above my bed, and this is what I saw: Very pretty, isnt it? =) Now that I was up, I realized that I was pretty hungry, so I decided to make cinnamon rolls for breakfast. As Im sure you know, these go very well with milk, but my milk was in a fridge on Conner 4 (along with my eggs, apple juice, and maple syrup. I think Im going to start telling people that I live on Conner 3 even though I barely ever spend time there, because I dont officially live on Conner 4 but wellas you can see from the list above, I went so far as to have breakfast there Saturday morning. Its a long story. A really long story. So since C3 is halfway between C2 and C4, so I think I should just start telling people thats where I live.) Anyway, on my way back down with my milk (the eggs, syrup and apple juice still need to be retreived), I noticed that there was a really neat view out of the window in the stairwell. You can look out into the little courtyard-type-thing in the middle of the dorm. (As you can see, BC is basically a string of Us, and this window looks out into the third one from the left, which has an entrance to the dorm.) So after eating my breakfast, I went and took a couple of pictures: Then I went back to sleep. When I finally dragged myself out of bed (I wont even say what time it was), I went to church, and from church to the grocery store (because otherwise I was going to start going hungry pretty soon). At the store I picked up some nifty Christmas lights! Heres a better picture where you can see what our room actually looks like: Notice the candy canes that April put up in the upper lefthand corner. Were just chock full of holiday spirit. Then, just a few minutes ago, Batya 08, Alex 08, and Ruth 07 all came by to ask for my signature on their nomination forms. (Theyre all running for Burton-Conner government.) Ruth said (as she always does), Hey, you can blog about this now! And tell all of the prospective freshman about BC government and the election process! Which is a great idea, only I dont know anything about the BC government election process, so maybe Ill have Ruth write a guest entry about it on my blog like shes done on Sams so many times before. And that was my day. Utterly unproductive-but I loved it. Write me emails. Leave me comments. Parents too! Bloggers love it. Promise. And if you asked a question awhile ago and never got an answer, Im working on it. Maybe someday Ill be better about writing about the things I actually say Im going to write about

Report on Desalination Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3387 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Contents: 1. Mechanical Vapor Compression 2. Reverse Osmosis 3. A Comparative Analysis of other Desalination Processes 4. 1. A brief description of various Desalination Processes 4. 2. 1. Distillation Processes 4. 2. 2. 1. Multistage Flash Distillation 4. 2. 2. 2. Multieffect Distillation 4. 2. 2. 3. Vapor Compression 4. 2. 2. Membrane Processes 4. 2. 3. 4. Electrodialysis 4. 2. 3. 5. Reverse Osmosis 4. 2. 3. Solar Distillation/Humidification 4. 2. Process Selection 4. A Derivation of the Rate of depletion of Limestone used to make water portable 5. 3. Derivation 5. 4. Sample Calculation 5. 5. Graph Chapter 3 A Comparative Analysis of other Desalination Processes In the following chapter we compare and contrast various types of Desalination Processes. There are many methods of desalination currently in practice today. They vary in efficiency, cost of installment, purity of the product, geographical requirements and a variety of other factors which will be further highlight ed in the following pages. 3. 1. A brief description of various Desalination Processes: The following section gives an introduction as well as the principle, orking, chemical treatments required and advantages disadvantages of the various desalination processes. 3. 1. 1. Distillation Processes: 3. 1. 1. 1. Multistage Flash Distillation Introduction: Single stage flash evaporators have been used since the early nineteen hundreds when they were used in the Alberger salt process to obtain salt from brine. Multistage flash evaporators however, were first installed about 55 years ago and were usually of small capacity with low thermal efficiencies. In 1956, a four stage, four unit, 9460 m3/d flash plant was installed in Kuwait. By avoiding separate shells for each stage, a great improvement was made in the economics of evaporators. Today, Multi-stage flash distillation plants produce over 85 percent of all desalinated water in the world, despite the fact that Reverse Osmosis plants a re the more numerous. The patent for the MSF process was filed by Mr. Silver. It was described as a plant employing flash distillation in which the number of stages is more than twice the performance ratio (pounds of distillate produced/1,000 BTU of heat input) which in some cases was about 3 times the actual value. MSF solved some of the basic problems of the desalination process such as scale formation, which when combined with the ability of these plants to be built in large capacities resulted in these plants being the largest source of desalinated water in the world. By 1984, 67. 6% of all desalination plants (6,075,000 m3/day) were operating on the MSF principle. The unit size has also increased as much as 100 fold since 1972. Principle: Multistage flash processes work on the concept that vapors can be produced from any liquid which is at its boiling point by lowering the pressure. This is due to the fact that reducing the pressure decreases the boiling point of water. W orking: The plant has a series of spaces called stages, each containing a  heat exchanger  and a condensate collector. The series has one cold end and one hot end while the stages in between have intermediate temperatures. The pressure in each stage corresponds to the  pressure  required to boil water at the respective temperatures. Beyond the hot end there exists a container called the  brine  heater. When the plant is operating in  steady state, feed water at the cold inlet temperature flows through the heat exchangers in the stages and is heated. When it reaches the brine heater it already has nearly the maximum temperature. In the heater, an amount of additional heat is added. After the heater, the water flows through  valves  back into the stages which have ever lower pressure and temperature. As it flows back through the stages the water is now called brine, to distinguish it from the inlet water. In each stage, as the brine enters, its temperature is abov e the boiling point at the pressure of the stage, and a small fraction of the brine water boils or flashes to steam thereby reducing the temperature until equilibrium is reached. The resulting steam is a little hotter than the feed water in the heat exchanger. The steam cools and  condenses  against the heat exchanger tubes, thereby heating the feed water as described earlier. The total evaporation in each stage is about 15% of the water flowing through the system, depending on the range of temperatures used. When temperature is further increased, there are growing difficulties of scale formation and corrosion. 120 °C has been the maximum thus far, although scale avoidance may require temperatures below 70 °C. The feed water carries away the  latent heat  of the condensed steam, maintaining the low temperature of the stage. The pressure in the chamber remains constant as equal amounts of steam is formed when new warm brine enters the stage and steam is removed as i t condenses on the tubes of the heat exchanger. The equilibrium is stable, because if at some point more vapor forms, the pressure increases and that reduces evaporation and increases condensation. In the final stage the brine and the condensate has a temperature near the inlet temperature. Then the brine and condensate are pumped out from the low pressure in the stage to the ambient pressure. The brine and condensate still carry a small amount of heat that is lost from the system when they are discharged. The heat that was added in the heater makes up for this loss. The heat added in the brine heater usually comes in the form of hot steam from an industrial process co-located with the desalination plant. The steam is allowed to condense against tubes carrying the brine (similar to what happens in the stages). Schematic of a  multi-stage flash  desalinator A Steam in B Seawater in C Potable water out D Waste out E Steam out F Heat exchange G Condensation collection H Brine heater Chemical Treatment: Pretreatment: MSF plants require sea water with a temperature range of 20 -35 °C and a salinity of 42,000 ppm as the primary feed. This water undergoes pretreatment consisting of filtration, chlorination, antiscale chemical dosing, de-aeration/de-carbonation before being processed by the plant. Without this treatment there would be frequent interruptions to the plant operation. Scale prevention: By increasing the flash or temperature range of the plant with the same surface area, the performance ratio is increased however the limitations are, that on the cold side the minimum achievable temperature is the temperature of sea water and on the hot side the maximum achievable temperature is limited due to scale formation. Some of the methods to prevent this are: a) Polyphosphates: treatment with polyphosphates causes the formation of sludge as opposed to scales in the condenser tubes. maximum achievable temperature is 91 °C) b) Acid treatment: Addition of HCl or H2SO4 in fixed quantities reduces alkalinity and prevents scale formation. (maximum achievable temperature is 121 °C) c) High temperature additives: HTA’s such as Belgard EV prevent scale formation and produce crystal distortion. (maximum achievable temperature is 112 °C) Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Can be constructed in very large capacities. | Performance ratio is limited since the upper temperature is limited to 121 °C| Boiling does not take place on the tube surface therefore there is less susceptibility to fouling. Low heat transfer coefficients which require a greater surface area when compared to MED. | Scale prevention is less hazardous because threshold chemicals are extensively used (acid treatment is not preferred) therefore there is less likelihood of corrosion due to overdosing. | Often operates well below the design capacity and in some cases as much as 60% below said capacity. | Low cost steam can be used. | La rge capital costs with large intake structures. | Water is very pure. | Large amount of seawater required compared to production which requires a large amount of pumping power. Considerable operating experience is available. | Long term effects of the additives are unknown. | Economies of scale work well. | Improper material selection and noise pollution have caused problems in the past. | Table 3. 1 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 1. 2. Multi Effect Distillation: Introduction: The MED process also has a rather long history. Many such plants were build by chemical industries over the last thousand years although their primary purpose was the recovery of brine. This process however was also among the first used to produce significant amounts of water from the sea and although it has been replaced by MSF as the leading source of desalinated water it still accounts for a significant portion of the water produced by such plants today . To put it numerically ME plants produce about 492,636m3/day and at present the largest ME unit produces 20,000m3/day. Principle: In this process, vapors are produced by two means. The first is by pressure reduction (flashing) and the second by heat input (boiling). Working: In ME distillation, 2 or more effects are present. Each operates at a lower temperature and pressure than the previous. The first effect is heated by low pressure steam and vapors are generated from the feed water in the effect tubes. These vapors are then directed, through a demister, to tubes in the second effect. Since this effect is at a lower temperature, the vapors can be used to evaporate the brine. This occurs when the vapors condense on the inner side of the tubes and release heat to the next effect. Some of the vapors produced in each effect are sent to the associated preheater, where they heat incoming feed and are condensed. All the brine which does not evaporate is then sent to the next effec t for further vaporization. The process can be repeated as long as the temperature difference is high enough to act as the driving force. Brine from the last effect is rejected as blow down and vapors from this effect are condensed in a final condenser where feed water serves as the coolant. Most of the feed water Is rejected after passing through the condenser. Schematic of a multiple effect desalination plant. The first stage is at the top. Pink areas are vapor; lighter blue areas are liquid feed water. Stronger turquoise is condensate. F Feed water in S Heating steam in C Heating steam out W Fresh water (condensate) out R Brine out O Coolant in P Coolant out VC Last-stage cooler Chemical Treatment: Pretreatment costs are very low. Since when feed is at high temperature it is at its lowest concentration the risk of scaling is reduced. Standard antiscaling procedure is followed. Advantages Disadvantages: The advantages and disadvantages are similar to those seen in mult istage flashing. It does however have an additional disadvantage in that it cannot be used on the same scale as MSF. On the other hand it has a considerably lower construction cost when compared to MSF therefore this method of desalination is still widely used today in many forms. Overall for relatively small units (less than one mgd (22. 8245m3/s)) this method is often preferred over MSF however for larger units MSF is more cost effective. 3. 1. 1. 3. Vapour Compression: As this process has already been described in detail, only the advantages and disadvantages are listed here. Advantages| Disadvantages| Simplicity compact construction| The reliability of the unit is directly dependant on the compressor which is likely to fail| Operation is stable and can be done with no recirculation and low labor costs| At lower temperatures the vapor specific volume increases causing the compressor load to increase| Low pumping power required| At higher temperatures scaling occurs| No coo ling water required| Fluctuations have a greater tendency to effect productivity or destabilize the plant. Low capital cost | When increasing the number of effects, energy consumption of the compressor increases causing a reduction in performance ratio| High performance ratio/unit of heat transfer surface area| As in the case of MEDs this process is only practical on a relatively small scale| Table 3. 2 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 2. Membrane Processes: 3. 1. 2. 1. Electrodialysis: Introduction: This process is particularly useful is desalting brackish waters. The principle of this process has been known since the early 1900s although the first unit was put into service only in the year 1954 in the Middle East. Units are medium sized (100-400m3/day range) and can be used to desalinate water with extremely high salinity. These plants have been used to bring water with mineral content of several thousand ppm down to 500ppm. The se plants produce over 450,000m3/day which is about 4. 7% of the world’s total produce. Principle: The ED method is based on the principle that the dissolved salts are ionic in nature and hence when subjected to an electric field the cations will travel to one end while the anions travel to the other. Also certain selective membranes are used that allow only positive charged particles to pass through on one side and negative particles on the other (anion and cation permeable membranes) Working: As explained earlier, selective membranes are placed alternately between the cathode and the anode. When a DC current is passed though the liquid, anions like SO42- and Cl- move towards the positive end while the cations like Na+ and Ca2+ move towards the negative end. They each pass through their respective membranes and enter a cell which is a space made up of one ionic membrane and one cationic membrane. The anions while be separated from the positive end by a cation membrane and the cations from the negative end by a cation membrane. The result is that alternate cells become concentrated and the intermediate cells become dilute which is the product. The rate of salt removal is controlled by Faraday’s laws and practical demineralization rates are in the 75 to 99% range. Pretreated feed water is passed along parallel paths which ensure a continuous flow of the rejected brine and the product water streams. At the electrodes oxidation and reduction reactions take place. The cathode system is treated with acid and recycled while the anode system is usually sent to the drain. Figure 3. 3 (www. fumatech. com) During this process it is necessary add acid to presoften the feedwater to achieve stable operation. Non mineral substances spoil the membrane surfaces and units show marked deterioration with time To combat this, the direction of the DC current is nowadays reversed every 20 minutes or so. This process has therefore been called EDR or Electro dialysis reversal. Chemical Treatment: Acid or polyphosphate is added to the brine system to prevent deposition of salts. If scaling becomes excessive at any point, cleaning is done either mechanically after disassembling the stack or during the process itself. Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Can be used for water with extremely high salinity| Polarization takes place within the membranes which requires an increase in the DC voltage. Low cost of construction and labor| Membrane fouling due to non mineral substances| Extremely low pumping requirements| Leaks in the membrane occur causing contamination of product| Maintenance is relatively simple| Degradation of electrodes occurs with time. | Table 3. 3 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 2. 2. Reverse Osmosis: As this process has already been described in detail, only the advantages and disadvantages are listed here. Advantages| Disadvantages| Easy and simple operation| Ratio of product to input is low and therefore can only be used in places where the source of water is the sea (not a limited source)| Rapid delivery and installation| Variety of materials required for pretreatment| Easy expansion due to modular concept| Rate of production is slow| Low energy consumption and maintenance| Cost effectiveness declines as many modules are setup| Operation at low temperatures lowers corrosion and allows cheaper materials to be used| Input water cannot be highly concentrated| Modular concept allows for replacement of defective parts easily| Product water has a comparatively high chloride content| Table 3. (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 3. Solar Distillation/Humidification: Introduction: Although it was first developed over a century ago in Chile when it produced 27m3/day, serious research was not conducted till much later. The increase in the cost of fossil fuels was what spurred research in t his field. Principle: The basic principle is the greenhouse effect and the fact that water evaporates below its boiling point. Working: Solar Energy is used for the distillation of salt waters in a solar still which acts as an absorber for solar energy. Water is heated due to greenhouse effect to a temperature of 50 – 60 °C. The rate does of course depend on the intensity of solar radiation. The evaporated water is drained and collected. Figure 3. 4 (www. dr1. com) Chemical Treatment: Chemical treatment in this process is very low. Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Ecofriendly| Can only be used on a very small scale| Very low maintenance and construction cost| Product is variable as the rate of production is based on incident sunlight| No electricity required| Can only be constructed in certain geographic zones| No labor required| Cost effectiveness reduces when its constructed in large numbers| Table 3. 5 3. 2. Process Selection Important Factors: * Product water quality and quantity Feedwater quantity characteristics * Energy availability * Location * Economic Constraints Based on these factors the processes are selected. When product water quality requirements are high, MSF or MVC are used while when it is lower, whereas when requirements are comparatively lower, RO and Electrodialysis can be used. When product water quantity needs to be high MSF is most preferred process while solar distillation can be used if quantity requirements are lower. Energy Availability is required for processes like ED, MSF, etc while processes like solar distillation require almost no continuous energy. Location plays an important role with regard to pumping power. Also availability of direct sunlight is required for solar distillation. Economic Constraints also play a role. When the budget is low processes like EDR and RO are used assuming quantity of water required is low while if required water quantity of water is high, MSF is the most cos t effective method. Chapter 4 Derivation of a formula to calculate rate of consumption(R) of CaCO3 (Limestone) 4. 1. Derivation: Information required: * Temperature of product water (T ( °C)) * Conductivity of water (before being passed through the limestone but after dosing of NaOCl) (G1 ( µS/cm)) * Conductivity of water (after being passed through the limestone) (G2 ( µS/cm))) * Mass flow rate (V (tones/hr)) Assumptions: CaCO3 is the only compound that dissolves in water while it is passed through the limestone (other compounds like sulfates dissolve in negligible proportions) * The temperature coefficient of conductivity (? ) of CaCO3 is . 02/ °C Procedure Theory of Calculation: Step 1: The difference in conductivity is first measured (Gt = G2 – G1). This gives us the change in conductivity due to CaCO3. Step 2: Based on this value we can calculate change in conductivity at 25 °C (G) using the formula: G = Gt / [1+ {? ? (T-25)}] (? = . 02) The value of conductiv ity at 25  °C for various concentrations of CaCo3 (in parts per million) were obtained from www. omega. om and verified by calculation. These values are as follows: Conductivity (G) ( µS/cm)| ppm CaCO3| 1020| 425. 0| 415| 170. 0| 315| 127. 5| 210| 85. 0| 105| 42. 5| 42. 7| 17. 0| 32. 1| 12. 7| 21. 4| 8. 5| 10. 8| 4. 25| 4. 35| 1. 70| 0. 055| none| Table 4. 1 (www. omega. com) Using the above values a graph was plotted (G versus ppm). As can be seen, the graph is more or less a straight line (curves at higher concentrations) for our area of observation. Step 3: With the help of the graph, the ppm of CaCO3 which corresponds to the conductivity G (at 25 °C) is found. Step 4: Finally to calculate R we use the formula: R (g/hr) = ppm (CaCO3) ? V (tones/hr) To find total mass of CaCO3 dissolved in time t (hrs) we can multiply t with the average value of R over the given time. 4. 2. Sample Calculation for Average Values Information required: * Temperature of product water (T ( ° C)) = 29 °C (Design input) + 2. 5 = 31. 5 °C * Conductivity of water (before being passed through the limestone but after dosing of NaOCl) (G1 ( µS/cm)) = 31. 5 ((18 + 45)/2) * Conductivity of water (after being passed through the limestone) (G2 ( µS/cm))) = 500 * Mass flow rate will remain as a variable (V (tones/hr)) Procedure Theory of Calculation: Step 1: The difference in conductivity is first measured (Gt = G2 – G1). This gives us the change in conductivity due to CaCO3. Gt = 500 – 31. 5 = 469. 5 Step 2: Based on this value we can calculate change in conductivity at 25 °C (G) using the formula: G = Gt / [1+ {? ? (T-25)}] (? = . 02) G=469. 5/[1+{. 02? (31. 5-25)}] = 415. 5 Step 3: With the help of the graph, the ppm of CaCO3 which corresponds to the conductivity G (at 25 °C) is found. ppm of CaCO3 = 170 (approx) Step 4: Finally to calculate R we use the formula: R (g/hr) = ppm (CaCO3) ? V (tones/hr) R = 170 ? V = 170V Hence rate of consumption of C aCO3 is 170V g/hr (where V is in tones/hr) 4. 3 Graph Figure 4. 1 (Drawn by project trainee based on information from www. omega. com) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Report on Desalination Process" essay for you Create order

What Does The Word Feminism - 856 Words

What does the word â€Å"feminism† evoke inside of your mind? Did your brain automatically retrieve an image of a feminist’s appearance upon reading the word? Whom did you visualize? Feminism is defined as â€Å"the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men† (). I personally identify as a feminist, for women can do anything as well as a man and should be granted the same rights as men. Both the feminism of the 1970s and the feminist extremists of today are responsible for the stereotypical view of a feminist; the majority of the population has associated the appearance of a feminist to that of a â€Å"hairy, angry lesbian.† Writer, Elana Levine, delved into the controversial topic of feminism and defined both the â€Å"post-feminism† and â€Å"third-wave feminism† movements in the context of the popular television show, Buffy the Vampire Slayer. I agree with Elana Levine’s claim that the show’s protagonist, Buffy, exhibits a â€Å"multiply-positioned identity† and the television show itself demonstrates third-wave feminist ideals. After the rise of feminism in the 1970s, an era known as â€Å"post-feminism† washed over America. Post-feminism, according to Levine, is simply â€Å"characterized by a belief that the goals of the feminist movement of the 1970s have been accomplished and thus that there is no need to continue a fight that has already been won.† Third-wave feminism, however, remains â€Å"invested in collective feminist activism and in the fight against aShow MoreRelatedFeminism Is For Everyone By Bell Hooks And Men And Feminism750 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Feminism? Feminism. The f-word. This word has many different connotations. The dictionary definition of feminism is the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men (dictionary.com). 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Responses to the Spread of Buddhism Free Essays

Responses to the Spread of Buddhism Although some elites in China found Buddhism to be important for the development of China between 220 CE and 570 CE, as time progressed through this period, Buddhism’s popularity seemed to decrease. Between 200 CE and 500 CE, scholars and the few followers of Buddhism seemed to have simply been trying to inform the people about Buddhism and they were attempting to gain popularity. Unfortunately, by around 819 CE, people seemed to have started disproving of Buddhism as China started to turn towards a more imperial society. We will write a custom essay sample on Responses to the Spread of Buddhism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shortly after the fall of the Han Dynasty in 220 CE Buddhism started to spread very rapidly throughout the Chinese society. The people of China in this period were in a devastated state with no structured government and a falling economy. For them, Buddhism was a form of mental escape and it gave them a chance to let go of the natural world and reach a peace of mind. The first sermon preached by Buddha (Doc 1) was preached to help people who were unaware of the religion to acknowledge it and realize that it is a religion that will give them an opportunity to forget about the current devastation they are in. The sermon teaches the people that there is no point in grieving over something and instead they should rid themselves of their pleasures and try to look beyond the material world. The sermon teaches that every negative feeling someone might have is a form of sorrow and getting rid of that sorrow is the only way to attain happiness. Zhi Dun (Document 2) is conveying both to Buddhists followers and non-followers of Buddhism that Buddha is the almighty. He is trying to teach the people that without recognizing and obeying Buddha, it is impossible to attain enlightenment. Both Dun and Buddha are find Buddhism to be relieving and are attempting to gain more followers. Both documents are attempting to convince and inform people of what Buddhism really is and how it can help one’s mental stability. After about 500 CE, as Chinese people seemed to start rethinking their disposition on Buddhism more people became accepting of Buddhism and other religions or philosophies to coexist. Both â€Å"The Disposition of Error† (Doc 3) and Zong Mi (Doc 5) are neutral in their point of view of religion and they are both willing to accept more than one religion. â€Å"The Disposition of Error† is claiming that Confucianism and Buddhism should both be accepted and that Confucian and Buddhist practices should not have to wholly agree with each other in order for both of them to be accepted. Although ancient Confucian scriptures to not contain any mention of Buddhism, it does not mean the Buddhism cannot be practiced by anyone because Confucian script ures do not consist of every possible view of the world. Likewise, Zong Mi (Doc 3) believes that Confucianism, Daosim, and Buddhism all took a major role in creating the orderly society that the Chinese were currently living in. He believed the all three were equal in their teachings even if they were being taught in various ways and they should all be accepted with the same amount of respect. After the late 700s, as societies in China became more developed and a finally stable nation seemed to be right around the corner, people started to view Buddhism as impractical in their current societies. They felt that practicing Buddhism would cause much disruption in the society. This mentality started to develop because Buddhism asked for a person to let go of everything in life and to live independently. Unfortunately, not many people liked this lifestyle anymore because in order for the society to function there would have to be a working class and in order to increase population, a man must be able to start a family neither of which Buddhism allows. Han Yu (Doc 4) felt that Buddhism was a crude religion and that Buddha himself was an immoral person. He felt that Buddha disobeyed Confucianism which he claimed to follow and he did not even follow a simple dress code for the society. Yu sees Buddha as a form as a rebel and did not understand the importance of obeying rules. Yu is disgusted at the fact that servants and citizens are bringing back newly found remains of Buddha’s body into the palace. Similarly, Emperor Tang Wu (Doc 6) believes that practicing Buddhism is extremely unreasonable. He feels this way mainly because Buddhism does not allow men to work or contribute to society and that is vital in order for the developing Chinese society to keep building. Wu finds Buddhism as evil because he believes it causes people to abandon their responsibilities as a part of society such as having kids and cultivating their crops, much like the ideas of Han Yu. Although many different documents from various time periods were provided, additional points of view could help the reader’s analysis on the response to Buddhism more accurate. For example, all of the documents were of only elite class people while the readers are unaware of what a peasant in the society feels about Buddhism. A peasant’s input would be a great contribution to the overall analysis of responses because peasants make up most of the population so their point of view would be extremely important. Another possible extra opinion could be that of a woman. Although a woman’s opinion didn’t necessarily have much importance in early China, it may still be important for us to know whether women truly accepted Buddhism, or if they went along with it only because they were forced to. All in all, Buddhism was met with many mixed reviews in its introduction shortly after the fall of the Han Dynasty. At first many people found Buddhism as an excuse to not have to cope with the devastating society they were living in. However, as time progressed and China’s future seemed much brighter, people started feeling as though Buddhism was in fact hindering the society from being able to move forward and catch up with the rest of the world. Overall, Buddhism has greatly affected our world’s past and present and with without it, we wouldn’ How to cite Responses to the Spread of Buddhism, Papers

Ipl Scandals Essay Example

Ipl Scandals Essay - The  Indian Premier League  (IPL) is a professional league for  Twenty20  cricket  championship in  India. It was initiated by the  Board of Control for Cricket in India  (BCCI), headquartered in  Mumbai,Maharashtra[3][4]  and is supervised by  BCCI  Vice President  Rajeev Shukla,[5]  who serves as the leagues Chairman and  Commissioner. It is currently contested by nine teams, consisting of players from around the cricketing world. - However, the league has been engulfed byseries of corruption scandals. - Controversies involving the Indian Premier League From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The  Board of Control for Cricket in India  (BCCI) has found itself in the middle of many conflicts with various cricket boards around the world as a result of the  Indian Premier League  (IPL). The main point of contention was that signed players should always be available to their country for international tours, even if it overlaps with the IPL season. To address this, the BCCI officially requested that the  International Cricket Council  (ICC) to institute a time period in the International Future Tours Program, solely for the IPL season. This request was not granted at a subsequent meeting held by the ICC. [1] Contents  Ã‚  [hide]   * 1  Conflicts with the England and Wales Cricket Board * 2  Media restrictions * 3  Conflict with Cricket Club of India * 4  Suspension of Lalit Modi * 5  Chirayu Amin named IPL interim chairman * 6  Termination of the Kochi franchise * 7  2012 spot fixing case * 8  References| - edit]Conflicts with the England and Wales Cricket Board Because the inaugural IPL season coincided with the  County Championship  season as well as  New Zealands  tour of  England, the  ECB  and county cricket clubs raised their concerns to the BCCI over players. The ECB made it abundantly clear that they would not sign No Objection Certificates for players—a prerequisite for play ing in the IPL. Chairmen of the county clubs also made it clear that players contracted to them were required to ulfill their commitment to their county. As a result of this,  Dimitri Mascarenhas  was the only English player to have signed with the IPL for the 2008 season. [2] A result of the ECBs concerns about players joining the IPL, was a proposed radical response of creating their own Twenty20 tournament that would be similar in structure to the IPL. The league — titled the  Twenty20 English Premier League  Ã¢â‚¬â€ would feature 21 teams in three groups of seven and would occur towards the end of the summer season. 3]  The ECB enlisted the aid of  Texas  billionaire  Allen Stanford  to launch the proposed league. [4]  Stanford was the brains behind the successful  Stanford 20/20, a tournament that has run twice in the  West Indies. On 17 February 2009, when news of the fraud investigation against Stanford became public, the ECB and  WICB  wit hdrew from talks with Stanford on sponsorship. [5][6]  On February 20 the ECB announced it has severed its ties with Stanford and cancelled all contracts with him. [7] - [edit]Media restrictions We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Scandals specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Scandals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Scandals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Initially the IPL enforced strict guidelines to media covering matches, consistent with their desire to use the same model sports leagues in North America use in regards to media coverage. Notable guidelines imposed included the restriction to use images taken during the event unless purchased from  cricket. com, owned by Live Current Media Inc (who won the rights to such images) and the prohibition of live coverage from the cricket grounds. Media agencies also had to agree to upload all images taken at IPL matches to the official website. This was deemed unacceptable by print media around the world. Upon the threat of boycott, the IPL eased up on several of the restrictions. [8]  On 15 April 2008 a revised set of guidelines offering major concessions to the print media and agencies was issued by the IPL and accepted by the  Indian Newspaper Society. [9] - [edit]Conflict with Cricket Club of India As per IPL rules, the winner of the previous competition decides the venue for the finals. [10]  In 2009, the reigning Champions,  Deccan Chargerschose the  Brabourne Stadium  in  Mumbai. [10]  However, a dispute regarding use of the avilion meant that no IPL matches could be held there. The members of the  Cricket Club of India  that owns the stadium have the sole right to the pavilion on match days, whereas the IPL required the pavilion for its sponsors. [11]  The members were offered free seats in the stands, however the club rejected the offer, stating that members could not be moved out of the pavilion. [10][12][13] - [edit]Suspension of Lalit Modi On 25 April 2010, the BCCI suspended  Lalit Modi, the IPL chairman, for alleged acts of individual misdemeanours. The suspension notice was served on him by Rajeev Shukla, BCCI vice-president, and N Srinivasan, the board secretary, sending an e-mail to the same effect. It followed a day of negotiations with interlocutors attempting to persuade Modi to resign but pre-empted a potentially flashpoint at a scheduled IPL governing council meeting, which Modi had said he would attend. Modi was officially barred from participating in the affairs of the Board, the IPL and any other committee of the BCCI. [14] - edit]Chirayu Amin named IPL interim chairman Chirayu Amin, an industrialist and head of the  Baroda Cricket Association, was named interim chairman of the IPL by the BCCI, following Lalit Modis suspension. [15]  According to BCCI, many important documents were missing from the IPL and BCCI offices. Many of the records are missing. The IT is asking for documents. We dont have them. We have asked BCCI CAO Prof Ratnakar Shetty to look into the missing records and papers, said BCCI President Shas hank Manohar. [16] - edit]Termination of the Kochi franchise On September 19, 2011, the newly elected BCCI president N Srinivasan, after the annual general meeting in Mumbai, announced that the Kochi Tuskers Kerala IPL franchise was terminated by the BCCI for breaching its terms of agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, each franchise has to submit a bank guarantee every year that covers the fee payable to the BCCI. The 2010-founded team was bought for Rs 1,550 crore and the consortium has to pay a bank guarantee of  156 crore every year till 2020. 17]  The consortium that owns Kochi is reported to have defaulted on an annual payment of  156 crores as a bank guarantee. In April 2010, the BCCIs working committee had rejected demands from Kochi and Pune Warriors for a reduction in their franchisee fees. The two new franchises, which made their debuts in 2011, had sought a 25% waiver on the grounds that the BCCI had stated in the bidding document that each team would play 1 8 league matches in a season. The schedule was later reduced to 14 matches per team. - edit]2012 spot fixing case Main article:  2012 Indian Premier League spot fixing case On 14 May 2012, an Indian news channel  India TV  aired a  sting operation  which accused 5 players involved in  spot fixing. Reacting to the news, Indian Premier League president  Rajiv Shukla  immediately suspended the 5 uncapped players. The five players were,  TP Sudhindra  (Deccan Chargers),  Mohnish Mishra  (Pune Warriors), Amit Yadav,  Shalabh Srivastava  (Kings XI Punjab) and  Abhinav Bali, Delhi cricketer . [18]  However, the report went on to claim that none of the famous cricketers were found guilty. On the reliability of the report,  Rajat Sharma, the  editor-in-chief  of news channel  India TV  quoted that the channel had no doubts about the authenticity of the sting operation and prepared to go to court. [19] Mohnish Mishra who was part of  Pune Warriors India  team for the season, admitted to have said that franchises pay black money, in a sting operation. Mishra was caught on tape saying that franchisees paid them black money and that he had received  1. 5  crore  (US$273,000)  from the later, among which  1. 2  crore  (US$218,400)  was black money. [20]  He was also suspended from his team. [21]